Showing posts with label racism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label racism. Show all posts

Sunday, December 8, 2013

"Classic": Retro-grade TV in Our Digital Age

One of the three old movie channels, digital channels of local network affiliates, has an ad professing testimonials of people so happy "real" tv is back again, that they feel good about tv again and that they can let their children watch without being worried about what they'll be exposed to. These are the channels that play movies from the 30's to the 70's and many made later.  They are cheap to replay and bring in advertising revenue with films owned by particular studios now boughtbout by the media conglomerates that own the networks.  These are the movies with the most racist and sexist images, characterizations and narratives ever produced, with some of the widest distributions of their time, now getting even more distribution - and a free pass on their socially and politically retrograde storylines...they're "classics".  It's troubling to think that those testimonials might be real, at least that they might reflect many other people's idea of what 'good', 'safe' television programming looks like.

And yes, I just watched a bug-eyed Willie Best react in his "classic" stepinfetchit role to the idea of a ghost in a haunted Puerto Rican swamp while ferrying yellow-faced Peter Lorre in 1939's "Mr. Moto in Danger Island".  It just doesn't get any 'safer' than that.  Westerns also figure voluminous on these channels, most old, but many newer, very few with any redeeming, non-settler-colonial, non-genocidal qualities.  "Safe", they say.  Isn't it strange that this sort of story, much created before the bare beginnings of social and televisual/cinematice reforms of the 60's and 70's, is what they say we think is "safe"?

Oh, and with regard to those ghosts in the swamp, the USAmerican colonials....yes, colonials as in colonialism...were discussing the people that hold such ideas about Spirit beings and Ancestors and such.  They chided such claims of "ghosts" as "superstitions of a dangerously ignorant people".  (long pause)  "Dangerously ignorant".  Those are indigenous people and African descendants in those swamps.  Those are humans, children, women and men, freedom fighters in those swamps.  And don't let it slip by you that these anti-indigenous, anti-African, anti-woman narratives assume the ascendancy and presumptuous superiority of a colonial culture that deified a particularly "holy" ghost, but maybe merely a ghost nonetheless, albeit tied to a he-god and a so-called savior-son whose adherents would prove much more globally and ignorantly dangerous than any culture known to revere and keep intimate relations with their Dead.

Monday, April 4, 2011

That 70's Show: The Cultural Horror Show That Is Fez

(from "Cultural Bias in Prime Time Television", pg. 151)

Fez, played by Wilmer Valderrama, was the program’s infantilized, hypersexual ethnic Other, cute in his playfulness and socio-cultural ignorance, much like a three year old who said the word “tittie” for the first time - every day. Fez, like that three year old, might have engendered laughter, but Fez was not funny.

The program samples included an episode that provided a rare look into the shallow waters of Fez’s world, safe for viewers to walk through without fear of learning something new about the world or at least that of this one character. The episode trundled through each musical vignette laboriously and without any real passion, essentially a series of music videos all positioned to give exposition to another of Fez’s wants and desires as a young man from an undisclosed country who was constantly thinking about sex (or its absence) and candy. The episode seemed to be an unconscious display of the writers’ desire to keep Fez from achieving his innermost goals, whether as a young, lusty, Latin almost-lover (given, also a stereotype, but a more self-assured one) that he might have been or the emasculated, infantilized, de-nationalized clown that he really was.

The episode featured songs like The Joker (Steve Miller Band), Shake Your Groove Thing (Peaches and Herb), So Happy Together (The Turtles) and Sing (The Carpenters). The songs were performed as dream sequence production numbers with low-tech star wipes, smoke machines and shiny polyester outfits. The song vignettes were all dreams conjured by Fez as we waited impatiently for his “friends” to come to the school choral musical recital that he was a part of, presided over by 70’s rock idol Roger Daltrey, playing a pompous, brash, though also culturally unaware Brit music director, Mr. Wilkinson. Fez’s frustrations deepened as his “friends” failed to show while he waited before the recital, lapsing every so often into another musical rendition of what he thought the world should be like. Even Red exclaimed before Fez (and viewer) lapsed into another dream song, “Aw jeez, not another one!” (02/#6). Fez got to the point where he sincerely doubted his friendships, but turned it inward, calling himself a “goofy foreign kid” that no one wanted to be around (Program Sample 02/#6). Red, Eric’s father, gladly validated Fez’s feelings for him and was possibly the most egalitarian character on the program, never giving anybody a break, particularly his son or anyone seemingly not born in the United States of America or vociferously loyal to it.

Fez’s daydreams seemed to betray him as the physical performances were lackluster and the singing was poor. There was no hint of “sweetening” to raise the recorded quality of the vocals. None of the actors were accomplished or even fair singers to be performing as such. The pedestrian performances might have been produced to decrease the separation between skilled performer and presumably less skilled viewer. Fez was disappointed in his “friends” as the viewers may have been in the characters’ performance of the music segments. The story cut away at one point to find the gang smoking marijuana in Eric’s basement. They discussed how they didn’t want to go to the concert, completely dismissive of the idea that Fez would have any feelings about their actions. The program’s orientation to (or away from) Fez became apparent through the voice of Eric as they got caught up in their own pot-induced anti-Fez fervor. Each increased note of mockery was punctuated by a laugh track, the “OK sign” for viewer acceptance or dismissal of content, whichever came easier. Eric stated clearly in a close-up shot, saying, “That idiot actually thinks I’m his friend [Eric laughs]. Like I care. Iwish he were dead. [laugh track] Hey, we should kill him [louder laugh track]” (02/#6). No explanation or apology was ever made for their declarations against Fez, save for their excuse for their lateness - they were busy toilet-papering Wilkinson’s house and brought Fez his decapitated mailbox, presumably as a sign of their “friendship” and support for him. Wilkinson saw his mailbox in Fez’s hands, took it, aghast, and vowed a weak reprisal. The gang looked none too concerned, actually happy that they had “gotten him” in this way (which included a bag of dog excrement on his front steps and a symbol drawn on his door with some kind of cream or paste, interestingly enough - a peace sign).

Fez did at one point in this same episode strike a cord of nationalism and pride for the heretofore-unnamed country of his birth and its people. Wilkinson walked away from him after having leveled a barrage of insults and patronizing comments. Fez responded, “The British have always hated my people. We won the war, buddy. Get over it! Ah, good one, Fez. [laugh track]”. Fez, at least, got what he wanted - his “friends” with him at the concert. They did in fact go to the concert after all, but the ideological, socio-cultural and relational distance with which the narrative kept Fez from his “friends” was always there, too. Fez was allowed to share space with the “White Wisconsin Others”, but it seemed he could only get close to them in his cartoonish dreams.

The character of Fez was reminiscent of two of Willie Best’s characters, the “elevator boy’ Charlie” in My Little Margie and Willie in The Trouble with Father. Best, in the former “repeatedly bugged his eyes at the slightest provocation and looked stunned by the most ordinary of occurrences” (Bogle, 2001, p. 44). Bogle went on to say that “Best’s Charlie becomes delirious over the sight of the two [teen boy and girl] kissing good night. Widening his eyes, he goes into a romantic swoon. Apparently, he’s never experienced love himself nor known much about sexual desire (or fulfilling it)” (2001, p. 44). Bogle went on to say about Best in The Trouble with Father, “Again cast as a likable childlike dunce, he’s Willie, the family handyman, a nifty tagalong playmate for the family’s adolescent daughter Jackie. Mostly called upon to react and observe, he rarely initiates any action” (2001, p. 45). Much of this rang true for Fez. Fez was the consummate child, often swooning at the thought of candy or other ultimately simple things. This response could have been an expression of an immigrant’s stereotypical adoration for anything (United States of) American, an ideological frame of reference that would be easy to understand coming from a network like Fox, so deeply conglomerated and conservative in politics (Greenwald, 2004). Fez’s response was more likely the expression of a child. Fez was almost as enraptured by candy as he was for the prospect of sex. His simplistic reactions were the butt of the explicit and implicit joke. His dunce status was defined in every episode and his constant swoon and persistent, but contrived, lisp was always present to reinforce the consumption of his character as an ignorant child. If Fez walked on camera licking a gigantic lollipop and wearing knee pants, neither the audience nor the other characters would have thought anything of it.

Fez also showed his penchant for shallow, self-centered baby-isms when Wilkinson relegated him punitively to the back row during the recital, to which Fez retorted, “The back row is for the untalented and the ugly [laugh track]” (02/#6). Fez also stood his ground beforehand when Wilkinson tried to get Fez to understand the finer points of music appreciation. Wilkinson asked, “Have you ever been moved to tears by the warbling timbre of your own voice?”. Fez responded, “No - because I am a man! [laugh track]”, the laugh track almost bubbled over into a reserved, though macho cheer of support for his assertion of mainstream, narrow masculinity.

Fez, while at the school dance, was in the stairwell, along with three other couples, making out with a female dork stereotype. When word of the tornado warning reached them, Fez responded, “Oh no, I’m going to die a virgin!”. His partner expressed that it could be their last day on earth so they decided to “do it” and ran off to yet another stairwell. Word reached them later that the tornado warning had been lifted, though, before they got the chance to “do it”. His partner, then with a renewed sense of hope, snorted, chuckled and waddled off (literally) leaving Fez to tantrum before the Creator. Fez exclaimed, “Oh you can make a tornado, but you can’t make me do it! Oh you are not a just god!!” (02/#1).

The group’s flashback to their first meetings in the yearbook episode was telling of the characters’ and the programs relationship to this ethnic “Other” in the cast, the lone non-White token character for almost the whole run of the show. Fez was found hanging in a closet by his pants, preyed upon by cruel jocks. Kelso’s first response was to throw a gym ball at him. There was no major outcry to his treatment as the only “foreign exchange student” seemingly in all of Point Place or all of Wisconsin according to this program. Their empathy for Fez was underwhelming, all in the interest of the laugh track, ratings, repeat viewership and the bottom line. After they finally helped him down, Hyde asked him his name. Fez began to recite a litany of names (stereotypical and real for many Latinos/as), but as he did so, the school bell rang and obscured the viewer from hearing his name. Hyde responded, “I’m never gonna remember that”. It was not apparent whether Hyde heard the name or not, but it was apparent that he didn’t care to know his name or anything else about him.

The message was clear in all of the occurrences of Fez on screen that what was foreign was unwelcome in that world. Difference would not be tolerated and would be submerged for the greater ignorance of the self-centered (read ethnocentric) community. Fez was the butt of jokes from others and his own self-condemnation. He was the target of marijuana-induced assertions of hatred by people he called “friends”. He was neglected and disrespected off-hand. Intolerance of difference, of a different culture, a different national origin, was accepted wholesale by the characters and by the program itself. Fez might have been the best example of the worst that That 70’s Show had to offer teenage aspirational viewers looking for cues regarding how they should act and fit in - or allow others to fit in - or not - in this society.

Sunday, April 3, 2011

Cultural Bias Lives in Prime Time Television!

...at least in June of 2006 when I completed my Master's Degree and my research paper:
"Cultural Bias in Prime Time Television and Teenage Viewers: Cultural Media Literacy for High School and Higher Education"

It is my contention that these biases have changed to some degree, but have stayed stable as a negative cultural presence in televisual communications.

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Years of observing content and characterization in television programming of all types, along with frequent and continuing academic study of television and other media, have brought me to understand that there are deep problems inherent in our TV watching behavior. Not only are some of the oldest stereotypes and relational behavior patterns still existent in the medium, but the ubiquity and pervasiveness of the media in general has increased also. Add continued negative portrayals with deeper incursion into the human experience and we have an equation that adds up to problems of social proportions.

Our society still struggles with challenges around culture and race, sex and gender issues. sexual orientation, ability and agism. In addition, our consciousness of environmental issues, democracy, health, water and food and other social issues is hampered by the dearth of substantive reporting and coverage of these important elements of human life.

If we did not still experience deep-seated problems with class, violence and intolerance, many of the television programs, stories and messages would be of little concern, but for their entertainment value. The reality of the cultural life of United States of American society behooves us to look more deeply and critically at the form and function of our most compelling medium of social communication - television, the king of all media.

Though the internet is increasingly becoming important for the mass consumption of moving image programming, the source of that product still resides in the television studios of the media conglomerates, now dwindling in number, but growing speedily in size....and social influence. I ask you to spend some time to look over the content of my research paper, consider my critique and findings and, if you will, join my Yahoo group and look at other sources of information to gain perspective on this important issue. Feel free to contact me by email to ask questions or provide further insight on your own findings, formal or informal. We must transform, not only the process of our consumption of media, but of our creation of human culture and cultural content, from an unconscious endeavor to a vibrant and conscious dynamic, capable of highlighting and validating the very highest values of human life, love, action and spirit, something woefully lacking in the media most often consumed by this society.

"Cultural Bias in Prime Time Television and Teenage Viewers: Cultural Media Literacy for High School and Higher Education"

Teenagers, as formative adults and aspirational viewers, look to prime time television programming to assist them with defining their roles, behavior and social expectations. Television continues to project characters and storylines steeped in cultural bias. Studies revealed that the programming showed persistent, overt and subtle, negative stereotypes of numerical minorities, women and young people. Current trends in corporate media conglomeration, centralization of control over all media outlets, help explain the challenges of the teen media and television environment. Teenagers are falling prey to the prejudiced characterizations, negative portrayals, wholesale omissions of sub-cultural populations and advertiser-driven balkanization of television audiences. The primary objective of this study was to qualitatively assess the level of televisual bias and segregation that is validating oppressive ideas and behavior that threaten the cultural life of the United States of America. Media literacy education, with a focus on communal and cultural issues is a positive, though still largely latent force, that can help to counteract harmful human messages that often lie hidden in the technically sophisticated, though narrowly conceived programming. Prime time programming watched heavily by teenagers was recorded and analyzed, observing five cultural parameters: Culture/National Origin/Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Age and Ability. By exploring these categories of sub-cultural presentation, patterns of portrayals were found that gave perspective to practical issues currently challenging social cohesiveness. This qualitative study gave rise to a cultural media literacy presentation, created as a proactive outgrowth of this research in the interest of addressing the issues of social discord, geared for high school and college students and adaptable for adult audiences.

Why Cultural Media Literacy?

Research by Children Now (1998) showed that children found it important to see characters that looked like them. It was also found that seeing those images helped contribute to their sense of self-esteem. As adults, as Dates and Barlow (1993) found, we strongly tend to watch television that reflects who we are. This means that people of European descent (Whites) tend to watch shows that feature Europeans and that Africans (Blacks) tend to watch shows that feature Africans. European viewers have been found to change the channel when they perceive that a program is about Africans (a show that features substantial
numbers of African characters). Individual shows and whole cable channels are geared toward smaller segments of the society. Viewing tendencies are narrowed, hence the opportunity for learning about those not directly like us is decreased. These findings point us to important issues when considering the importance of positive cultural portrayals and the viewing habits of people in a society still marked by racism, classism and sexism.

George Gerbner speaks of the human storytelling process being hijacked with the advent of electronic communication, especially with the development of corporate media conglomeration (companies such as Newscorp/Fox, Viacom, Disney and/or Time Warner). This change is detrimental to the long and short term development of the individual and the collective. In addition, the comprehension and understanding of the value of cultural diversity will not be fully realized until we begin to tell our own stories from and for a human frame of reference rather than a financial one, one championed by the strong influence of the ever-present advertisers. After all, the bottom line should be what is best for you, not what is best for money. The hypothesis I present to you today is that it is media and the capital that drive them that should serve the human, not the human serving media and its advertiser-controlled capital.

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"Michael Eisner, former CEO of Walt Disney Company said in a corporate memo, “We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art. We have no obligation to make a statement. To make money is our only objective”
("Mickey Mouse Monopoly", Sun & Picker, 2001, Commercializing Children’s Culture section)"
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Understanding the interrelationship between the forces of corporate capital, media content, character portrayals and relationships and media effects is key to gaining the perspective needed by media consumers in a media-heavy society such as this one.